science
Formulated for how your body works
Because mental wellness is not all in your head
Burnout doesn't happen overnight
Exhaustion, weariness and unease first show up as familiar, everyday symptoms like:
low energy ✦ inability to sleep ✦ lack of focus ✦ brain fog ✦ reduced patience ✦ slow recovery ✦ digestion issues ✦ decreased immunity
feed your body to fuel your mind
Your mind and body function as one system, so supporting mental wellness starts with nourishing the whole body not just individual symptoms
your new daily ritual
BRYTR DAYS is designed to unlock the full potential of clinically-backed ingredients by understanding how nutrients work together
Certain nutrients are more powerful in combination, enhancing absorption, bioavailability, and overall impact
We call this deep cellular nourishment™: giving your body nutrition it can actually use—supporting cells from the inside so energy, clarity, and balance build naturally†
That’s whole-body mental wellness™
the science is complex. we made the solution simple.
HYDRATION
Your brain is about 75% water, and even mild dehydration can disrupt mood, focus, and emotional balance. That’s because fluid balance powers electrical signals between neurons, carries nutrients, clears waste and supports key neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine and GABA, a key messenger that helps steady mood and reduce stress
But water alone isn’t enough. To support lasting hydration, your brain and body need electrolytes and essential vitamins and minerals. Together, they keep communication flowing, cortisol in check, and stress at bay
Better hydration has whole-body benefits—flushing toxins, improving nutrient absorption, sustaining physical endurance, reducing fatigue, easing headaches, and helping every system run more smoothly. Even small improvements can noticeably boost how you feel and function
How Lasting Hydration Fuels Your Body & Mind
Sharpens Thinking
Improves focus, memory, and alertness.
Reduces brain fog and headaches
Balances Mood
Keeps cortisol in check to ease stress and anxiety.
Supports steady emotional stability
Energizes Every Cell
Powers neurotransmission—how brain cells send signals.
Drives ATP production, your body’s core energy process
Prevents Fatigue
Maintains healthy blood volume and circulation.
Avoids dips from electrolyte imbalance
Supports Nutrient Flow
Helps your body absorb and transport vitamins and minerals.
Keeps digestion smooth and bowel movements regular
Protects Muscles & Performance
Reduces risk of cramps and spasms.
Supports endurance, muscle function and post-exercise recovery
Boosts Detox & Recovery
Supports the body’s natural detox processes.
Speeds post-exercise recovery and reduces soreness
We include electrolytes and essential minerals to support hydration, brain cell communication and steady sustained daily energy
INFLAMMATION
Inflammation is part of the body’s immune defense system—but when it runs too high for too long, it can harm both body and mind. Persistent inflammation may affect mood and cognitive clarity and what some scientists now call neuroinflammatory conditions, because the immune system and brain are so deeply connected
Persistent inflammation disrupts neurotransmitters, drains energy from brain cells and can even damage structures like the hippocampus, which supports memory and mood regulation. By reducing inflammatory triggers and nourishing your body at a cellular level, you help restore balance—supporting clearer thinking, steadier moods, and long-term brain health
How Reducing Inflammation Supports Whole-Body Health
Eases Pain & Stiffness
Supports reduced joint soreness, muscle aches and everyday discomfort
Freer movement and better quality of life
Protects Cells & Organs
Shields healthy cells from ongoing immune “attacks”
Lowers risk of scarring and long-term tissue damage
Supports Circulation & Heart Health
Keeps arteries clearer and blood vessels flexible
Balances Metabolism
Improves blood sugar control and insulin response
Supports health blood sugar balance
Supports Brain & Mood
Calms neuroinflammation linked to stress, brain fog, and cognitive decline
Supports neuron health for clarity and focus
Stabilizes Immunity
Prevents the immune system from “overreacting”
Helps maintain balanced immune function
Boosts Recovery & Longevity
Helps the body reset after stress, injury, or illness.
Associated with healthy aging and overall wellness
We use a targeted blend of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants to support a balanced inflammatory response
NEUROPLASTICITY
When properly nourished, your brain is constantly reshaping itself—forming new pathways, strengthening useful connections, and pruning what’s no longer needed. This capacity, called neuroplasticity, fuels learning, adaptation, and recovery. When neuroplasticity is high, you gain mental flexibility, resilience and emotional balance
Neuroplasticity is fueled by factors like sleep, stress management and certain nutrients, including omega-3s, B vitamins, and magnesium. It’s measured by markers such as BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses), and neurogenesis (birth of new neurons). When your brain can grow and adjust, it remains your steady ally in navigating change
How Neuroplasticity Strengthens Your Mind & Body
Learn & Remember Faster
Supports quicker learning and stronger memory formation
Boosts problem-solving, creativity, and focus
Adapt to Change
Builds flexibility to handle new challenges and stress
Strengthens resilience after setbacks or trauma
Balances Mood
Helps regulate emotions and steady mood
Supports emotional balance and steady mood
Aids in Recovery
Reroutes brain functions after injury
Supports motor learning and recovery after challenges
Reduces Pain & Sensitivity
Retrains how the brain interprets pain signals
Lessens sensitivity to overstimulation (light, sound, stress)
Supports Healthy Aging
Supports healthy aging and cognitive function.
Helps preserve mental clarity and learning capacity
Strengthens Mind–Body Connection
Keeps thoughts, emotions, and physiology aligned
Improves regulation of heart rate, digestion, and other core functions
We support neurotransmitter production and cognitive function to help the brain adapt to everyday demands
GUT MICROBIOME
The trillions of microbes in your gut—bacteria, fungi, and more—play a powerful role in mental health through the gut-brain axis, a communication network of nerves, immune signals, and hormones. Many of these microbes produce neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and GABA—nearly 90% of which is made in the gut
A thriving microbiome strengthens the gut barrier, reduces neuroinflammation, and helps regulate cortisol, the body’s main stress hormone. It also boosts absorption of key nutrients like B vitamins, magnesium, zinc, and iron, essential for brain function and mood. When this system is in balance, you’re better equipped to handle stress, think clearly, and stay emotionally resilient
Here’s how a thriving microbiome makes a difference:
Optimizes Digestion & Nutrients
Breaks down food and fiber into compounds that fuel cells.
Improves absorption of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids
Strengthens Immunity
Trains immune cells to tell friend from foe.
Produces antimicrobial substances that protect against infections
Balances Inflammation
Maintains a healthy immune response.
Reduces chronic, body-wide inflammation
Supports Mood & Mental Health
Produces neurotransmitters that regulate mood and stress.
Enhances resilience, focus, and emotional balance
Protects the Brain
Gut metabolites influence the blood-brain barrier.
Reduces neuroinflammation and supports neuroplasticity
We include ingredients that nourish the gut microbiome to support emotional balance and overall resilience
Intentionally designed
BRYTR DAYS is thoughtfully formulated with ingredients chosen to work effectively together
Our three-layered protocol is engineered for next-level performance to support deep cellular nourishment™ and sustained benefits
Nothing extra. Nothing out of balance
Just a system designed to work with the body
the right ingredients
It's not about the number of ingredients, it's about the right ones
Ours are clinically studied and selected based on their benefits for whole-body mental wellness, using forms shown to support absorption and efficacy
For example, we use magnesium glycinate rather than magnesium oxide because glycinate makes it easier for your body to absorb nutrients with fewer digestive side effects, whereas oxide passes through your body, mostly unused
the right interactions
The right interactions between ingredients create nutrient synergy, making each nutrient more effective together than alone
When combined with intention, they reinforce one another, allowing the body to use them more consistently. The result is steadier, longer-lasting support rather than short-term boosts that result in crashes
BRYTR DAYS is formulated with this in mind. Instead of treating nutrients in isolation, we design combinations that support one another, helping promote more consistent focus, emotional balance, and mental resilience over time
the right ratios
Once nutrients are selected and designed to work together, ratios determine whether that synergy holds - or breaks down
Effective ratios must consider how nutrients are absorbed into cells, converted into active forms, regulated by enzymes, supported by cofactors and balanced so they don’t compete for uptake or overwhelm shared pathways
When these factors are ignored, even well-chosen ingredients can interfere with one another, reducing stability and overall impact
Rather than stopping at a long ingredient list, we carefully calibrate ratios to ensure nutrients remain compatible, complementary, and functional, so the formula works as intended, day after day.
† These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease
BRYTR DAYS supports the scientific reasoning for ingredient selection rather than clinical proof of efficacy
BRYTR DAYS
A daily nutritional drink formulated with active ingredients naturally found in whole foods and shown to support mental wellness. BRYTR DAYS feeds your body to fuel your brain through deep cellular nourishment™
BRYTR DAYS is scientifically blended and balanced to support whole body mental wellness
Each ingredient is individually studied and backed by clinical research to support mental wellness. These ingredients are combined intentionally to interact and reinforce one another and portioned using ratios for efficacy & absorption.†
Even with the healthiest diet, getting everything your body needs isn’t easy. We make it simple. One scoop. Once daily. Welcome to BRYTR DAYS.
Key Citations
Patil, Shradha, and SayedFarhan S. Mehdi. “The Gut-Brain Axis and Mental Health: How Diet Shapes Our Cognitive and Emotional Well-Being.”Cureus, 21 July 2025, e88420. PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12366197/
✦✦✦
Silva, Tiffany. "NEW STUDY SHOWS THAT 81% OF WORKING MOMS FACE BURNOUT WHILE ‘MANAGING IT ALL’." BCK Online. Psychology Today, February 27, 2025 https://bckonline.com/2025/01/23/new-study-shows-that-81-of-working-moms-face-burnout-while-managing-it-all/
✦✦✦
Maven Team. "92% of Parents Feel Burnt Out." Maven Clinic. Maven Clinic, February 28, 2025. https://www.mavenclinic.com/post/working-parent-burnout
✦✦✦
Edwards, Suzanne M., and Larry Snyder. "Yes, Balancing Work and Parenting Is Impossible. Here’s the Data." Washington Post, July 20, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/interruptions-parenting-pandemic-work-home/2020/07/09/599032e6-b4ca-11ea-aca5-ebb63d27e1ff_story.html
✦✦✦
Codd, Emma . "Meeting The Needs And Expectations Of Gen Zs And Millennials On Workplace Mental Health." Forbes, May 21, 2024. https://www.forbes.com/sites/deloitte/2024/05/21/meeting-the-needs-and-expectations-of-gen-zs-and-millennials-on-workplace-mental-health/
✦✦✦
Cosgrove, M. C., Franco, O. H., Granger, S. P., Murray, P. G., Mayes, A. E., & Bennett, M. (2007). Dietary nutrient intakes and skin-aging appearance among middle-aged American women. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 86(4), 1225–1231. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.4.1225
✦✦✦
Boelsma, E., Hendriks, H. F. J., & Roza, L. (2001). Nutritional skin care: Health effects of micronutrients and fatty acids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(5), 853–864. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/73.5.853
✦✦✦
Townsend, J. R., Kirby, S., Sapp, J., Gonzalez, M., Marshall, A., & Esposito, E. “Nutrient Synergy: Definition, Evidence, and Future Directions.” Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 10, 2023. PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10600480/
✦✦✦
LaChance, L. R., & Ramsey, D. “Antidepressant Foods: An Evidence-Based Nutrient Profiling System for Depression.” World Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 8, no. 3, 2018, pp. 97–104. PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6147775/
✦✦✦
Mitrea, L., Nemeș, M., & Rymaszewska, J. “A Review of Gut Microbiota Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders.” Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 9, article 813204, 2022. PMC, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2022.813204/full
✦✦✦
Kelly, O. J., Gilman, J. C., & Ilich, J. Z. “Utilizing Dietary Micronutrient Ratios in Nutritional Research May Be More Informative Than Focusing on Single Nutrients.” Nutrients, vol. 10, no. 1, article 107, 2018. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/10/1/107
✦✦✦
Felger, Jennifer C., and Andrew H. Miller. “Inflammatory Cytokines in Depression: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, vol. 37, no. 9, 2013, pp. 2334–2345. PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3741070/
✦✦✦
Masento, Natalie A., Mark Golightly, David T. Field, Laurie T. Butler, and Carien M. van Reekum. “Effects of Hydration Status on Cognitive Performance and Mood.”British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 111, no. 10, 2014, pp. 1841–1852. Cambridge University Press
✦✦✦
Gómez-Pinilla, F. (2008). Brain foods: The effects of nutrients on brain function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(7), 568–578. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2421
✦✦✦
Zhang, Y., et al. (2023). α-Linolenic acid ameliorates neuron apoptosis and neurological impairment via JAK2/STAT3 pathway. British Journal of Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711452300XXX
✦✦✦
Firth, J., Marx, W., Dash, S., Carney, R., Teasdale, S. B., Solmi, M., Stubbs, B., Schuch, F. B., Carvalho, A. F., Jacka, F., & Sarris, J. (2019). The efficacy and safety of nutrient supplements in the treatment of mental disorders: A meta-review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20672
✦✦✦
Gombart, A. F., Pierre, A., & Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system—Working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010236
✦✦✦
Bourre, J. M. (2006). Effects of nutrients (in food) on the structure and function of the nervous system: Update on dietary requirements for brain. Part 1: Micronutrients. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 25, 1–14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17066209/
✦✦✦
Firth, J., et al. (2019). Nutritional interventions for mental disorders: A meta-review of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20672
✦✦✦
Beard, J. L. (2001).
Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 568S–580S https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160590/
✦✦✦
Firth, J., Marx, W., Dash, S., Carney, R., Teasdale, S. B., Stubbs, B., Schuch, F. B., Carvalho, A. F., & Sarris, J. (2019). The effects of dietary improvement and nutritional supplementation on mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 308–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20672
✦✦✦
Challenges and Opportunities in Global Mental Health: a Research-to-Practice Perspective. Wainberg et al. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017 May;19(5):28. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28425023/
✦✦✦
Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience: Innovations for Healthy Brain Aging - PubMed. Zamroziewicz, M.K. ∙ Barbey, A.K.Front. Neurosci. 2016; 10:240
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375409/
✦✦✦
The Mediterranean Diet and Healthy Brain Aging: Innovations From Nutritional Cognitive Neuroscience. Zamroziewicz et al.
https://decisionneurosciencelab.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Zamroziewicz_Barbey_2017b.pdf
✦✦✦
Sánchez-Villegas A, Delgado-Rodríguez M, Alonso A, Schlatter J, Lahortiga F, Serra Majem L, Martínez-González MA. Association of the Mediterranean dietary pattern with the incidence of depression: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra/University of Navarra follow-up (SUN) cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:1090–1098. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19805699/
✦✦✦
Chen, Han ∙ Cao, Zhi ∙ Hou Yaping ∙ Yang, Hongxi ∙ Wang, Xiaohe ∙ Xu, Chenjie
The associations of dietary patterns with depressive and anxiety symptoms: a prospective study 2023 Aug 15 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10426158/
✦✦✦
Nutritional status, brain network organization, and general intelligence. Zamroziewicz et al. Elsiever, 26 June 2017 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053811917306900?via%3Dihub
✦✦✦
Zwilling, C.E. ∙ Talukdar, T. ∙ Zamroziewicz, M.K. Nutrient biomarker patterns, cognitive function, and fMRI measures of network efficiency in the aging brain. Neuroimage. 2019; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30529508/
✦✦✦
Talukdar, T. ∙ Zamroziewicz, M.K. ∙ Zwilling, C. Nutrient biomarkers shape individual differences in functional brain connectivity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2019 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30556225/
✦✦✦
Talukdar, T. ∙ Zwilling, C.E. ∙ Barbey, A.K. Integrating nutrient biomarkers, cognitive function, and structural MRI data to build multivariate phenotypes of healthy aging. J. Nutr. 2023; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36965693/
✦✦✦
Sarris J, Logan AC, Akbaraly TN, Amminger GP, Balanzá-Martínez V, Freeman MP, Hibbeln J, Matsuoka Y, Mischoulon D, Mizoue T, et al. Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. Lancet Psychiatry. 2015; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26359904/
✦✦✦
Schneider, N. ∙ Mainardi, F. ∙ Budisavljevic, S. Associations between early life nutrient intakes and brain maturation show developmental dynamics from infancy to toddlerhood: a neuroimaging observation study. J. Nutr. 2023; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36931756/
✦✦✦
van de Wouw, M. ∙ Schellekens, H. ∙ Dinan, T.G. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. J. Nutr. 2017; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28356427/
✦✦✦
Mixed tree nuts, cognition, and gut microbiota: a 4-week, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial in healthy nonelderly adults. Haskell-Ramsay, C.V et al. J. Nutr. 2022; https://jn.nutrition.org/article/S0022-3166(23)08667-4/pdf
✦✦✦
Zhang, X. ∙ Wang, Y. ∙ Liu, W. Diet quality, gut microbiota, and microRNAs associated with mild cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly Chinese population. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33871591/
✦✦✦
Shulkin, M. ∙ Pimpin, L. ∙ Bellinger, D. n–3 Fatty acid supplementation in mothers, preterm infants, and term infants and childhood psychomotor and visual development: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Nutr. 2018; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29546296/
✦✦✦
Lozada, L.E. ∙ Desai, A. ∙ Kevala, K. Perinatal brain docosahexaenoic acid concentration has a lasting impact on cognition in mice. J. Nutr. 2017; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28768838/
✦✦✦
Omand, J.A. ∙ Janus, M. ∙ Maguire, J.L. Nutritional risk in early childhood and school readiness. J. Nutr. 2021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34587245/
✦✦✦
Burke, M.P. ∙ Martini, L.H. ∙ Çayır, E. Severity of household food insecurity is positively associated with mental disorders among children and adolescents in the United States. J. Nutr. 2016; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27581581/
✦✦✦
Adan, R.A.H. ∙ van der Beek, E.M. ∙ Buitelaar, J.K. Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat. Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31735529/
✦✦✦
Bailey, R.L. ∙ Ard, J.D. ∙ Davis, T.A. A proposed framework for identifying nutrients and food components of public health relevance in the dietary guidelines for Americans. J. Nutr. 2021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33693925/
✦✦✦
Romijn, A.R. ∙ Latulippe, M.E. ∙ Snetselaar, L. Perspective: advancing dietary guidance for cognitive health—focus on solutions to harmonize test selection, implementation, and evaluation. Adv. Nutr. 2023; https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10201813/
✦✦✦
Le Port A, Gueguen A, Kesse-Guyot E, Melchior M, Lemogne C, Nabi H, Goldberg M, Zins M, Czernichow S. Association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms over time: a 10-year follow-up study of the GAZEL cohort. PLoS One. 2012; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23251585/
✦✦✦
Gómez-Pinilla F. Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18568016/
✦✦✦
Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22968153/
✦✦✦
Garsetti M, de Vries J, Smith M, Amosse A, Rolf-Pedersen N. Nutrient profiling schemes: overview and comparative analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2007; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18084733/
✦✦✦
Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD. Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. National Academies. 2006 https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/11537/chapter/1#iii
✦✦✦
Gebhardt S, Lemar L, Haytowitz D, Pehrsson P, Nickle M, Showell B, Thomas R, Exler J, Holden J. 2008. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. https://www.ars.usda.gov/arsuserfiles/80400535/data/sr21/sr21_doc.pdf
✦✦✦
Di Noia J. Defining powerhouse fruits and vegetables: a nutrient density approach. Prev Chronic Disease. 2014; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24901795/
✦✦✦
Drewnowski A, Fulgoni V 3rd. Nutrient profiling of foods: creating a nutrient-rich food index. Nutr Rev. 2008; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18254882/
✦✦✦
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Fruit and vegetable consumption among adults--United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17363889/
✦✦✦
DeSalvo KB, Olson R, Casavale KO. Dietary Guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2016; https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2481221
✦✦✦
Abdou, A. M., Higashiguchi, S., Horie, K., Kim, M., Hatta, H., & Yokogoshi, H. (2006). Relaxation and immunity enhancement effects of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) administration in humans. BioFactors, 26(3), 201–208. https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/biof.5520260305
✦✦✦
Boonstra, E., de Kleijn, R., Colzato, L. S., Alkemade, A., Forstmann, B. U., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2015). Neurotransmitters as food supplements: The effects of GABA on brain and behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1520. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4594160/
✦✦✦
Shyamaladevi, N., Jayakumar, A. R., Sujatha, R., Paul, V., & Subramanian, E. H. (2002). Evidence that nitric oxide production increases γ-aminobutyric acid permeability of blood–brain barrier. Brain Research Bulletin, 57(2), 231–236. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11849830/
✦✦✦
Yamatsu, A., Yamashita, Y., Maru, I., Yang, J., Tatsuzaki, J., & Kim, M. (2016). The improvement of sleep by oral intake of GABA and its underlying mechanisms. BioFactors, 42(5), 524–532. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30263304/
✦✦✦
Oketch-Rabah, H. A., Madden, E. F., Roe, A. L., & Betz, J. M. (2020). United States Pharmacopeia (USP) safety review of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Nutrients, 12(9), 2742. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34444905/
✦✦✦
Montesino-Goicolea, S., Nin, O., Gonzalez, B. M., Sawczuk, N. J., Laffitte Nodarse, C., Valdes-Hernandez, P. A., et al. (2023). Protocol for a pilot and feasibility randomized-controlled trial of four weeks of oral γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) intake and its effect on pain and sleep in middle-to-older aged adults. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 32, 101066.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36712186/
✦✦✦
De Bie, Tessa., et al. (2021). Dietary neurotransmitters: The relative oral bioavailability of GABA and glutamic acid from tomato in healthy human volunteers. Current Developments in Nutrition, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8180830/
✦✦✦
Shelp, B. J., Bown, A. W., & McLean, M. D. (2017). Metabolism and functions of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Trends in Plant Science, 1999; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10529826/
✦✦✦
Almutairi, S., Sivadas, A., & Kwakowsky, A. (2024).
The effect of oral gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the nervous system: Potential for therapeutic intervention. Nutraceuticals; https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/4/2/15
✦✦✦
Pilkington, S. M., Watson, R. E. B., Nicolaou, A., & Rhodes, L. E. (2011). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: Photoprotective macronutrients. Experimental Dermatology,; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21569104/
✦✦✦
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Epel, E. S., Belury, M. A., Andridge, R., Lin, J., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., & Blackburn, E. H. (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, and leukocyte telomere length: A randomized controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 28, 16–24. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S088915911200431X?via%3Dihub
✦✦✦
Kim, H., Lim, Y., & Lee, S. (2015). Dietary omega-3 fatty acids inhibit UV-induced skin inflammation and carcinogenesis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 135(1), 123–130. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4773779/
✦✦✦
Albert, Paul R.“Adult Neuroplasticity: A New ‘Cure’ for Major Depression?”Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, vol. 44, no. 3, 2019, pp. 147–150. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6488487/
✦✦✦
Freeman MP, Hibbeln JR, Wisner KL, Davis JM, Mischoulon D, Peet M, Keck PE Jr, Marangell LB, Richardson AJ, Lake J, Stoll AL. Omega-3 fatty acids: evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17194275/
✦✦✦
Brenna, J. T., Salem, N., Sinclair, A. J., & Cunnane, S. C. (2009).
Alpha-linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 80(2–3), 85-91. https://www.plefa.com/article/S0952-3278(09)00016-7/abstract
✦✦✦
Dyall, S. C. (2015). Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: A review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7, 52. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052
✦✦✦
StatPearls Publishing. (2024). Omega-3 fatty acids. In StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK564314/
✦✦✦
Schuchardt, J. P., & Hahn, A. (2013). Bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 89(1), 1–8. https://www.plefa.com/article/S0952-3278(13)00071-9/abstract
✦✦✦
Burdge, G. C., & Calder, P. C. (2005). Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 45(5), 581–597. https://rnd.edpsciences.org/articles/rnd/abs/2005/05/r5505/r5505.html
✦✦✦
Baker, E. J., Miles, E. A., Burdge, G. C., Yaqoob, P., & Calder, P. C. (2016). Metabolism and functional effects of plant-derived omega-3 fatty acids in humans. Progress in Lipid Research, 64, 30–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2016.07.002
✦✦✦
Borel, P., Desmarchelier, C., Nowicki, M., & Bott, R. (2021). A comprehensive review of the factors affecting the bioavailability of fatty acids in humans. Progress in Lipid Research, 82, 101094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101094
✦✦✦
Layé, S., Nadjar, A., Joffre, C., & Bazinet, R. P. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the brain: Physiological mechanisms and relevance to pharmacology. Pharmacological Reviews, 70(1), 12–38. https://doi.org/10.1124/pr.117.014092
✦✦✦
Bertoni, C., Pini, C., Mazzocchi, A., Agostoni, C., & Brambilla, P. (2024).
The role of alpha-linolenic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids in mental health: A narrative review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(22), 12479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252212479
✦✦✦
Mulargia, R., Ribaldi, F., Mutel, S., Sayin, O., Khachvani, G., Volpara, G., Remoli, G., Nencha, U., & Mendes, A. J. (2025). Exploring the preventive effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on global cognition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, 9(3), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn9030034
✦✦✦
Borel, P., Desmarchelier, C., Nowicki, M., & Bott, R. (2026).
State-of-the-art on absorption mechanisms and factors affecting the bioavailability of preformed vitamin A. Progress in Lipid Research, 101382.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2026.101382
✦✦✦
Soukup, S. T., & Pfeiffer, A. F. H. (2021).
Vitamin A update: Forms, sources, kinetics, detection, function, deficiency, therapeutic use, and toxicity. Nutrients, 13(5), 1703.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051703
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).
Vitamin A and carotenoids – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminA-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
Drugs.com. (2024). Vitamin A monograph for professionals.
https://www.drugs.com/monograph/vitamin-a.html
✦✦✦
StatPearls Publishing. (2024). Vitamin A. In StatPearls.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482362/
✦✦✦
Tanumihardjo, S. A. (2020). Vitamin A absorption efficiency determined by compartmental analysis of postprandial plasma retinyl ester kinetics in theoretical humans. The Journal of Nutrition, 150(9), 2407–2414.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614427/
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023).
Vitamin C – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
Sim, M., Hong, S., Jung, S., Kim, J.-S., Goo, Y.-T., Chun, W. Y., & Shin, D.-M. (2022).
Vitamin C supplementation promotes mental vitality in healthy young adults: Results from a cross-sectional analysis and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. European Journal of Nutrition, 61(1), 447–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02656-3
✦✦✦
Plevin, D., & Galletly, C. (2020). The neuropsychiatric effects of vitamin C deficiency: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 315. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02730-w
✦✦✦
Travica, N., Ried, K., Hudson, I., Sali, A., Scholey, A., & Pipingas, A. (2020). The contribution of plasma and brain vitamin C on age and gender-related cognitive differences: A mini-review. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 14, 47. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnint.2020.00047
✦✦✦
Minju Sim,Sehwa Hong, Min Ho Jung, Eun Young Choi, Geum-Sook Hwang, Dong-Mi Shin, Chong-Su Kim. (2025). Gut microbiota links vitamin C supplementation to enhanced mental vitality in healthy young adults with suboptimal vitamin C status: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 128, 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2025.03.032
✦✦✦
Chen, W.-Y., Cheng, Y.-C., Chiu, C.-C., Liu, H.-C., Huang, M.-C., Tu, Y.-K., & Kuo, P.-H. (2024).
Effects of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychology Review, 34(2), 568–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-023-09598-z
✦✦✦
Wimalawansa, S. J. (2024). Physiology of vitamin D—Focusing on disease prevention. Biomedicines, 11(6), 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11061542
✦✦✦
Pasidi, E., & Vareltzis, P. (2024). Vitamin D₃ bioaccessibility from supplements and foods—Gastric pH effect using a static in vitro gastrointestinal model. Molecules, 29(5), 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29051153
✦✦✦
Smithline, H. A., Donnino, M., & Greenblatt, D. J. (2012). Pharmacokinetics of high-dose oral thiamine hydrochloride in healthy subjects. BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 12, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-12-4
✦✦✦
Kennedy, D. O., Veasey, R., Watson, A., Dodd, F., Jones, E., Maggini, S., & Haskell, C. F. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males.
Psychopharmacology, 211(1), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-010-1870-3
✦✦✦
Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms and cognitive effects. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(4), 425–436.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4772032/
✦✦✦
Butterworth, R., (2003). Thiamin deficiency and brain disorders. 2003 Dec;16(2):277-84.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19087395/
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023). Thiamin – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Thiamin-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023). Vitamin B6 – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB6-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
Abosamak, N. R., & Gupta, V. (2026). Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557436/
✦✦✦
Winkels, R. M., Brouwer, I. A., Siebelink, E., Katan, M. B., & Verhoef, P. (2007). Bioavailability of food folates is 80% of that of folic acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(2), 465–473. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.2.465
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2024). Folate – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
Ohrvik, V. E., & Witthöft, C. M. (2011). Human folate bioavailability. Nutrients, 3(4), 475–490. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu3040475
✦✦✦
Devi, S., Pasanna, R. M., Shamshuddin, Z., et al. (2020).
Measuring vitamin B12 bioavailability with [13C]-cyanocobalamin in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 112(6), 1504–1515. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa221
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2024). Vitamin B12 – Health professional fact sheet.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
Lachner, C., Steinle, N. I., & Regenold, W. T. (2012). The neuropsychiatry of vitamin B12 deficiency in elderly patients. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 105, 503–510.
✦✦✦
Kurpad, A. V., Pasanna, R. M., Hegde, S. G., et al. (2023). Bioavailability and daily requirement of vitamin B12 in adult humans: An observational isotope study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 118(6), 1214–1223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.020
✦✦✦
Moore, E., & Mander, A. (2021). Vitamin B12 and brain function: Neurochemical and clinical implications. Nutrients, 13(10), 3568. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22221769/
✦✦✦
Kennedy, D. O. (2016). B vitamins and the brain: Mechanisms, dose-response and cognitive effects. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(4), 425–436. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4772032/
✦✦✦
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (1998). Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. National Academies Press.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK114310/
✦✦✦
Ashmead, H. D. (2001). The absorption and metabolism of iron amino acid chelate. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición, 51(1 Suppl), 13–21.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11688075/
✦✦✦
Youdim, M. B. H., & Green, A. R. (1978). Iron deficiency and neurotransmitter metabolism. Journal of Neurochemistry, 30(5), 1039–1047.
✦✦✦
Beard, J. L. (2001). Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 568S–580S
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160590/
✦✦✦
Hertrampf, E., & Olivares, M. (2004). Iron amino acid chelates. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 74(6), 435–443.
https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.74.6.435
✦✦✦
Scott, S.P. ∙ Murray-Kolb, L.E. Iron status is associated with performance on executive functioning tasks in nonanemic young women. J. Nutr. 2016; 146:30-37
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26661838/
✦✦✦
Beard, J. L. (2001). Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 568S–580S.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11160590/
✦✦✦
Leyshon, B.J. ∙ Radlowski, E.C. ∙ Mudd, A.T. Postnatal iron deficiency alters brain development in piglets. J. Nutr. 2016; 146:1420-1427
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4926848/
✦✦✦
Devarshi, P. P., Mao, Q., Grant, R. W., & Mitmesser, S. H. (2024). Comparative absorption and bioavailability of various chemical forms of zinc in humans: A narrative review. Nutrients, 16(24), 4269. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16244269
✦✦✦
Hall, A. G., & King, J. C. (2023). The molecular basis for zinc bioavailability. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 6561. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24076561
✦✦✦
Choi, Seunghyuk, et al. (2020). Zinc in the Brain: Friend or Foe?, 12(12), 3853. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7728061/
✦✦✦
Sensi SL, Paoletti P, Koh JY, Aizenman E, Bush AI, Hershfinkel M. (2011) The neurophysiology and pathology of brain zinc. J Neurosci. 2011;31:16076–16085.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22072659/
✦✦✦
Thiry, C., Schneider, Y.-J., Pussemier, L., De Temmerman, L., & Ruttens, A. (2013).
Selenium bioaccessibility and bioavailability in Se-enriched food supplements. Biological Trace Element Research, 152(1), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-013-9604-0
✦✦✦
Gmoshinskiĭ, I. V., & Mazo, V. K. (2006). Mineral substance in human nutrition: Selenium absorption and bioavailability. Voprosy Pitaniia, 75(5), 15–21.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17172166/
✦✦✦
Rayman, M. P. (2012). Selenium and human health. The Lancet, 379(9822), 1256–1268. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)61452-9/abstract
✦✦✦
Nessell, T. A., & Gupta, V. (2023). Selenium. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557551/
✦✦✦
Barbagallo, M., & Dominguez, L. J. (2010). Magnesium and aging. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 16(7), 832–839
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20388094/
✦✦✦
Blancquaert, L., Vervaet, C., & Derave, W. (2019). Predicting and testing bioavailability of magnesium supplements. Nutrients, 11(7), 1663. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071663
✦✦✦
Pardo, M. R., Vilar, E. G., Martín, I. S. M., & Martín, M. A. C. (2021). Bioavailability of magnesium food supplements: A systematic review. Nutrition, 89, 111294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2021.111294
✦✦✦
Wapnir, R. A. (1998). Copper absorption and bioavailability. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(5 Suppl), 1054S–1060S. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523183250?via%3Dihub
✦✦✦
Lutsenko, S. (2010). Human copper homeostasis: A network of interconnected pathways. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 14(2), 211–217.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20117961/
✦✦✦
Agarwal, R., et al. (2020). Potassium. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539791/
✦✦✦
Macdonald-Clarke, C. J., Martin, B. R., McCabe, L. D., McCabe, G. P., Lachcik, P. J., Wastney, M., & Weaver, C. M. (2016). Bioavailability of potassium from potatoes and potassium gluconate: A randomized dose-response trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 104(2), 346–353. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916522045464?via%3Dihub
✦✦✦
Gennari, F. J. (1998). Hypokalemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 339(7), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199808133390707
✦✦✦
Armstrong, L. E., & Maresh, C. M. (2014). Effects of hydration status on cognitive function: A systematic review. Nutrition Reviews, 72(1), 1–15.
✦✦✦
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2024). Sodium citrate and citric acid oral solution: Clinical pharmacology. DailyMed.
✦✦✦
Rolston, D. D., Moriarty, K. J., Farthing, M. J. G., Kelly, M. J., Clark, M. L., & Dawson, A. M. (1986). Acetate and citrate stimulate water and sodium absorption in the human jejunum. Digestion, 34(2), 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1159/000199317
✦✦✦
Hauptfleisch, J. J., & Payne, K. A. (1996). An oral sodium citrate-citric acid non-particulate buffer in humans. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 77(5), 642–644. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/77.5.642
✦✦✦
Mödinger, Y., Schön, C., Wilhelm, M., & Hals, P.-A. (2019). Plasma kinetics of choline and choline metabolites after a single dose of choline bitartrate in healthy volunteers. Nutrients, 11(10), 2548. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102548
✦✦✦
Zeisel, S. H. (2000). Choline: An essential nutrient for public health. Nutrition Reviews, 58(11), 321–326
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2782876/
✦✦✦
Zeisel, S. H., & da Costa, K.-A. (2009). Choline: An essential nutrient for public health. Annual Review of Nutrition, 29, 221–247
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906248/
✦✦✦
National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. (2023). Choline fact sheet for health professionals. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Choline-HealthProfessional/
✦✦✦
